ISSN: 0300-8932 Factor de impacto 2023 7,2
Vol. 6. Núm. D.
Páginas 52D-61D (Junio 2006)

Utilidad terapéutica de los ácidos grasos omega-3
Tratamiento de la hipertrigliceridemia: fibratos frente a ácidos grasos omega-3

Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: Fibrates Versus Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Emilio Rosa¿Juan C. Lagunab

Opciones

Por ser un componente del síndrome metabólico y de la diabetes, entidades que en la actualidad son epidémicas, la hipertrigliceridemia (HTG) asociada con valores bajos de colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad (cHDL) es la dislipidemia de presentación clínica más frecuente. Además, es la alteración lipídica característica de pacientes con enfermedad cardiaca coronaria. La HTG se debe a un aumento de la síntesis hepática de las lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad (VLDL), en general por un exceso de grasa visceral, o a un defecto en el aclaramiento de VLDL por hipoactividad de la lipoproteinlipasa (LPL) de causa genética o adquirida, y con frecuencia hay un defecto doble. Además del cHDL bajo, la HTG se asocia con la formación de partículas LDL densas y pequeñas, que son muy aterogénicas. Esto justifica que la HTG sea un factor de riesgo cardiovascular independiente y deba tratarse con la misma intensidad que la hipercolesterolemia. Actualmente, se recomiendan como deseables unas cifras de triglicéridos (TG) <150mg/dl. El tratamiento conservador de la HTG con dieta y normalización del peso es muy eficaz, pero difícil de realizar en la práctica. El tratamiento farmacológico convencional de la HTG son los fibratos, agentes que activan el factor de transcripción PPAR-α. Esto promueve la oxidación de ácidos grasos y estimula la actividad LPL, lo que reduce los TG, y aumenta la síntesis de apoproteínas de las HDL, lo que incrementa las cifras de cHDL. En promedio, los fibratos reducen los TG un 36% y aumentan el cHDL un 8%. En dosis de 2-4 g/día, los ácidos grasos n-3 (AGn-3) de origen marino son tan eficaces como los fibratos en la reducción de TG y carecen de efectos secundarios. Los AGn-3 también son ligandos de PPAR-α, pero reducen la síntesis de ácidos grasos por mecanismos independientes, lo cual justifica que su efecto de reducción de los TG sea complementario del de los fibratos. La eficacia de los AGn-3 en la reducción de TG se ha demostrado en monoterapia y en tratamiento combinado con estatinas. En la HTG grave del síndrome de quilomicronemia, los AGn-3 añaden su efecto al de los fibratos, con lo que se consiguen reducciones adicionales de los TG de hasta un 50% y se minimiza el riesgo de pancreatitis. Por tanto, los fibratos y los AGn-3 no están enfrentados, sino que son complementarios.

Palabras clave

Triglicéridos
Hipertrigliceridemia
Síndrome metabólico
Fibratos
Ácidos grasos omega-3
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