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ISSN: 0300-8932 Factor de impacto 2023 7,2
Vol. 7. Núm. H.
Páginas 3H-11H (Octubre 2007)

Diabetología para cardiólogos
Epidemiología, genética y mecanismos patogénicos de la diabetes mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus: Epidemiology, Genetics and Pathogenetic Mechanisms

Alberto Calderón Montero¿

Opciones

El impacto de las complicaciones microvasculares y macrovasculares en la morbilidad, la mortalidad y la calidad de vida convierten a la diabetes mellitus en uno de los principales problemas sociosanitarios del mundo actual. Los cambios en el estilo de vida, con un predominio del sedentarismo y una elevada ingesta calórica, están modificando la incidencia y la prevalencia de la diabetes mellitus, independientemente de la localización geográfica. Se estima que en los próximos 2 decenios, la prevalencia de diabetes puede pasar en los países desarrollados del 6–10% actual a superar el 20% en muchas regiones. Y estas proyecciones afectan específicamente a la diabetes tipo 2, que constituye el 90% de todos los casos de diabetes. Los mecanismos etiopatogénicos de la diabetes tipo 2 giran en torno a la combinación de una disfunción de las células beta del páncreas y el estado de resistencia insulínica. Este defecto de acción de la insulina en los tejidos periféricos y el hígado se traduce en un estado de hiperinsulinismo compensador en las primeras etapas de la enfermedad, pero que con los años va deteriorando la reserva pancreática. La consecuencia es una hiperglucemia crónica que, junto con la acumulación de ácidos grasos libres, establecen un ambiente «tóxico» para la célula beta. Simultáneamente, la obesidad troncular, con el depósito de grasa en los adipocitos y la secreción de adipocitocinas potencian aún más la resistencia a la insulina, lo que acaba haciendo fracasar la función de las células beta.

Palabras clave

Diabetes mellitus tipo 2
Epidemiología
Fisiopatología
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