++]i;Ca++-Ca++M;CE;MCD;dP/dtmáx;GCs;IC;ICa++L;LPS;MVO2;NA;NO;NOS;PDE;PKA/G;PTDVI;Rβ;RFF;RM2;RS;RyR2;SERCA2a;VI;XO">
ISSN: 0300-8932 Factor de impacto 2023 7,2
Vol. 6. Núm. A.
Páginas 3A-20A (Marzo 2006)

Actualización y futuro del óxido nítrico en el tratamiento de la enfermedad cardiovascular
Efectos del óxido nítrico sobre la función cardíaca

Effects of Nitric Oxide on Cardiac Function

Juan Tamargo¿Ricardo CaballeroRicardo GómezLucía NúñezMiguel VaqueroEva Delpón

Opciones

El óxido nítrico (NO) liberado por prácticamente todas las células del corazón ejerce múltiples efectos sobre la función cardíaca. Modula las respuestas inotrópicas y cronotrópicas, el flujo de entrada de Ca++ y el ciclo del Ca++ en el retículo sarcoplásmico, la transmisión autonómica, la frecuencia cardíaca, la respiración mitocondrial, el consumo miocárdico de O2 y la eficiencia mecánica. El NO regula la contractilidad cardíaca en respuesta a la distensión e inhibe la relación fuerza-frecuencia y las respuesta a la estimulación β-adrenérgica. También mejora la distensibilidad ventricular y aumenta el trabajo latido en pacientes con miocardiopatía dilatada, y desempeña un importante papel en la fase tardía del precondicionamiento isquémico. Por último, el NO puede modular la actividad de los canales cardíacos, la arritmogénesis, la apoptosis y la función cardíaca en el miocardio insuficiente. Para realizar todas estas funciones, las NO sintasas (NOS) se localizan en microdominios de los cardiomiocitos en íntima vecindad con las vías de señalización que modulan. Sin embargo, es necesario conocer mejor los mecanismos implicados en la regulación y la localización celular de las NOS, así como las vías no enzimáticas de síntesis del NO, su localización y su inactivación en diversas situaciones fisipatológicas antes de que podamos trasladar las múltiples acciones del NO en una alternative terapéutica.

Palabras clave

Óxido nítrico
Óxido nítrico sintasas
Contracción miocárdica
Frecuencia cardíaca
Este artículo solo puede leerse en pdf
Bibliografía
[1.]
P.B. Massion, O. Feron, C. Dessy, J.L. Balligand.
Nitric oxide and cardiac function: ten years after, and continuing.
[2.]
J.M. Hare.
Nitric oxide and excitation-contraction coupling.
J Mol Cell Cardiol, (2003), 35 pp. 719-729
[3.]
R. Schulz, T. Rassaf, P.B. Massion, M. Kelm, J.L. Balligand.
Recent advances in the understanding of the role of nitric oxide in cardiovascular homeostasis.
Pharmacol Ther, (2005), 108 pp. 225-256
[4.]
W.J. Paulus, J.G. Bronzwaer.
Nitric oxide's role in the heart: control of beating or breathing?.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, (2004), 287 pp. H8-H13
[5.]
P. Andreka, T. Tran, K.A. Webster, N.H. Bishopric.
Nitric oxide and promotion of cardiac myocyte apoptosis.
Mol Cell Biochem, (2004), 263 pp. 35-53
[6.]
L.A. Barouch, R.W. Harrison, M.W. Skaf, G.O. Rosas, T.P. Cappola, Z.A. Kobeissi, et al.
Nitric oxide regulates the heart by spatial confinement of nitric oxide synthase isoforms.
Nature, (2002), 416 pp. 337-339
[7.]
P.B. Massion, J.L. Balligand.
Modulation of cardiac contraction, relaxation and rate by the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS): lessons from genetically modified mice.
J Physiol, (2003), 546 pp. 63-75
[8.]
R. Bolli.
Cardioprotective function of inducible nitric oxide synthase and role of nitric oxide in myocardial ischemia and preconditioning: an overview of a decade of research.
J Mol Cell Cardiol, (2001), 33 pp. 1897-1918
[9.]
C.R. Nishida, P.R. Ortiz de Montellano.
Autoinhibition of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase. Identification of an electron transfer control element.
J Biol Chem, (1999), 274 pp. 14692-14698
[10.]
M.V. Brahmajothi, D.L. Campbell.
Heterogeneous basal expression of nitric oxide synthase and superoxide dismutase isoforms in mammalian heart: implications for mechanisms governing indirect and direct nitric oxide-related effects.
Circ Res, (1999), 85 pp. 575-587
[11.]
R.A. Kelly, J.L. Balligand, T.W. Smith.
Nitric oxide and cardiac function.
Circ Res, (1996), 79 pp. 363-380
[12.]
D. Fulton, A. Papapetropoulos, X. Zhang, J.D. Catravas, T.H. Hintze, W.C. Sessa.
Quantification of eNOS mRNA in the canine cardiac vasculature by competitive PCR.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, (2000), 278 pp. H658-H665
[13.]
O. Feron, C. Dessy, D.J. Opel, M.A. Arstall, R.A. Kelly, T. Michel.
Modulation of the endothelial nitric-oxide synthase-caveolin interaction in cardiac myocytes: implications for the autonomic regulation of heart rate.
J Biol Chem, (1998), 273 pp. 30249-30250
[14.]
E.N. Dedkova, L.A. Blatter.
Nitric oxide inhibits capacitative Ca2+ entry and enhances endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake in bovine vascular endothelial cells.
J Physiol, (2002), 539 pp. 77-91
[15.]
D. Fulton, J.P. Gratton, T.J. McCabe, J. Fontana, Y. Fujio, K. Walsh, et al.
Regulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide production by the protein kinase Akt.
Nature, (1999), 399 pp. 597-601
[16.]
M. Drab, P. Verkade, M. Elger, M. Kasper, M. Lohn, B. Lauterbach, et al.
Loss of caveolae, vascular dysfunction, and pulmonary defects in caveolin-1 gene-disrupted mice.
Science, (2001), 293 pp. 2449-2452
[17.]
Y.Y. Zhao, Y. Liu, R.V. Stan, L. Fan, Y. Gu, N. Dalton, et al.
Defects in caveolin-1 cause dilated cardiomyopathy and pulmonary hypertension in knockout mice.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, (2002), 99 pp. 11375-11380
[18.]
S.E. Woodman, D.S. Park, A.W. Cohen, M.W. Cheung, M. Chandra, J. Shirani, et al.
Caveolin-3 knock-out mice develop a progressive cardiomyopathy and show hyperactivation of the p42/44 MAPK cascade.
J Biol Chem, (2002), 277 pp. 38988-38997
[19.]
D.S. Park, S.E. Woodman, W. Schubert, A.W. Cohen, P.G. Frank, M. Chandra, et al.
Caveolin-1/3 double-knockout mice are viable, but lack both muscle and non-muscle caveolae, and develop a severe cardiomyopathic phenotype.
Am J Pathol, (2002), 160 pp. 2207-2217
[20.]
Y. Sunada, H. Ohi, A. Hase, H. Ohi, T. Hosono, S. Arata, et al.
Transgenic mice expressing mutant caveolin-3 show severe myopathy associated with increased nNOS activity.
Human Mol Genet, (2001), 10 pp. 173-178
[21.]
O. Feron, C. Dessy, J.P. Desager, J.L. Balligand.
Hydroxy-methylglutaryl- coenzyme A reductase inhibition promotes endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation through a decrease in caveolin abundance.
Circulation, (2001), 10 pp. 113-118
[22.]
B.J. Michell, M.B. Harris, Z.P. Chen, H. Ju, V.J. Venema, M.A. Blackstone, et al.
Identification of regulatory sites of phosphorylation of the bovine endothelial nitric-oxide synthase at serine 617 and serine 635.
J Biol Chem, (2002), 277 pp. 42344-42351
[23.]
I. Fleming, B. Fisslthaler, S. Dimmeler, B.E. Kemp, R. Busse.
Phosphorylation of Thr(495) regulates Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity.
Circ Res, (2001), 88 pp. E68-75
[24.]
J.F. Paton, S. Kasparov, D.J. Paterson.
Nitric oxide and autonomic control of heart rate: a question of specificity.
Trends Neurosci, (2002), 25 pp. 626-631
[25.]
C.E. Sears, E.A. Ashley, B. Casadei.
Nitric oxide control of cardiac function: is neuronal nitric oxide synthase a key component?.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, (2004), 359 pp. 1021-1044
[26.]
S.L. Elfering, T.M. Sarkela, C. Giulivi.
Biochemistry of mitochondrial nitric-oxide synthase.
J Biol Chem, (2002), 277 pp. 38079-38086
[27.]
K.Y. Xu, D.L. Huso, T.M. Dawson, D.S. Bredt, L.C. Becker.
Nitric oxide synthase in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, (1999), 96 pp. 657-662
[28.]
N.K. Worrall, T.P. Misko, P.M. Sullivan, J.J. Hui, C.P. Rodi, T.B. Ferguson.
Corticosteroids inhibit expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase during acute cardiac allograft rejection.
Transplantation, (1996), 61 pp. 324-328
[29.]
F.M. Habib, D.R. Springall, G.J. Davies, C.M. Oakley, M.H. Yacoub, J.M. Polak.
Tumour necrosis factor and inducible nitric oxide synthase in dilated cardiomyopathy.
Lancet, (1996), 347 pp. 1151-1155
[30.]
M. Thoenes, U. Forstermann, W.R. Tracey, N.M. Bleese, A.K. Nussler, H. Scholz, et al.
Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in failing and non-failing human heart.
J Mol Cell Cardiol, (1996), 28 pp. 165-169
[31.]
A.J. De Belder, M.W. Radomski, H.J. Why, P.J. Richardson, J.F. Martin.
Myocardial calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase activity is present in dilated cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, and postpartum cardiomyopathy but not in ischaemic or valvular heart disease.
Br Heart J, (1995), 74 pp. 426-430
[32.]
K. Cosby, K.S. Partovi, J.H. Crawford, R.P. Patel, C.D. Reiter, et al.
Nitrite reduction to nitric oxide by deoxyhemoglobin vasodilates the human circulation.
Nat Med, (2003), 9 pp. 1498-1505
[33.]
J. Layland, J.M. Li, A.M. Shah.
Role of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase in the contractile response to exogenous nitric oxide in rat cardiac myocytes.
J Physiol, (2002), 540 pp. 457-467
[34.]
M.G. Vila-Petroff, A. Younes, J. Egan, E.G. Lakatta, S.J. Sollott.
Activation of distinct cAMP-dependent and cGMP-dependent pathways by nitric oxide in cardiac myocytes.
Circ Res, (1999), 84 pp. 1020-1031
[35.]
D.L. Campbell, J.S. Stamler, H.C. Strauss.
Redox modulation of Ltype calcium channels in ferret ventricular myocytes. Dual mechanism regulation by nitric oxide and S-nitrosothiols.
J Gen Physiol, (1996), 10 pp. 277-293
[36.]
A. Miyamoto, U. Laufs, C. Pardo, J.K. Liao.
Modulation of bradykinin receptor ligand binding affinity and its coupled G-proteins by nitric oxide.
J Biol Chem, (1997), 272 pp. 19601-19608
[37.]
D.M. Kaye, S.D. Wiviott, R.A. Kelly.
Activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) by mechanical activity alters contractile activity in a Ca2+-independent manner in cardiac myocytes: role of troponin I phosphorylation.
Biochem Biophys Res Común., (1999), 256 pp. 398-403
[38.]
J.S. Stamler, S. Lamas, F.C. Fang.
Nitrosylation. the prototypic redox-based signaling mechanism.
Cell, (2001), 106 pp. 675-683
[39.]
L. Xu, J.P. Eu, G. Meissner, J.S. Stamler.
Activation of the cardiac calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor) by poly-S-nitrosylation.
Science, (1998), 279 pp. 234-237
[40.]
A. Zahradnikova, I. Minarovic, R.C. Venema, L.G. Meszaros.
Inactivation of the cardiac ryanodine receptor calcium release channel by nitric oxide.
Cell Calcium, (1997), 22 pp. 447-454
[41.]
G. Kojda, K. Kottenberg, P. Nix, K.D. Schluter, H.M. Piper, E. Noack.
Low increase in cGMP induced by organic nitrates and nitrovasodilators improves contractile response of rat ventricular myocytes.
Circ Res, (1996), 78 pp. 91-101
[42.]
P. Mohan, D.L. Brutsaert, W.J. Paulus, S.U. Sys.
Myocardial contractile response to nitric oxide and cGMP.
Circulation, (1996), 93 pp. 1223-1229
[43.]
J.M. Cotton, M.T. Kearney, P.A. MacCarthy, R.M. Grocott-Mason, D.R. McClean, C. Heymes, et al.
Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on basal function and the force-frequency relationship the normal and failing human heart in vivo.
Circulation, (2001), 104 pp. 2318-2323
[44.]
M. Kirstein, M. Rivet-Bastide, S. Hatem, A. Benardeau, J.J. Mercadier, R. Fischmeister.
Nitric oxide regulates the calcium current in isolated human atrial myocytes.
J Clin Invest, (1995), 95 pp. 794-802
[45.]
A.M. Shah, H.A. Spurgeon, S.J. Sollott, A. Talo, E.G. Lakatta.
8-Bromo-cGMP reduces the myofilament response to Ca2+ in intact cardiac myocytes.
Circ Res, (1994), 74 pp. 970-978
[46.]
F. Brunner, P. Andrew, G. Wolkart, R. Zechner, B. Mayer.
Myocardial contractile function and heart rate in mice with myocytespecific overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase.
Circulation, (2001), 104 pp. 3097-3102
[47.]
E.A. Ashley, C.E. Sears, S.M. Bryant, H.C. Watkins, B. Casadei.
Cardiac nitric oxide synthase 1 regulates basal and β-adrenergic contractility in murine ventricular myocytes.
Circulation, (2002), 105 pp. 3011-3016
[48.]
J. Ren, X. Zhang, G.I. Scott, L.B. Esberg, B.H. Ren, B. Culver, A.F. Chen.
Adenovirus gene transfer of recombinant endothelial nitric oxide synthase enhances contractile function in ventricular myocytes.
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, (2004), 43 pp. 171-177
[49.]
S.A. Khan, M.W. Skaf, R.W. Harrison, K. Lee, K.M. Minhas, A. Kumar, et al.
Nitric oxide regulation of myocardial contractility and calcium cycling: independent impact of neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthases.
[50.]
J.M. Hare, E. Loh, M.A. Creager, W.S. Colucci.
Nitric oxide inhibits the positive inotropic response to β-adrenergic stimulation in humans with left ventricular dysfunction.
Circulation, (1995), 92 pp. 2198-2203
[51.]
R. Gyurko, P. Kuhlencordt, M.C. Fishman, P.L. Huang.
Modulation of mouse cardiac function in vivo by eNOS and ANP.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, (2000), 278 pp. H971-H981
[52.]
P. Varghese, R.W. Harrison, R.A. Lofthouse, D. Georgakopoulos, D.E. Berkowitz, J.M. Hare.
β3-Adrenoceptor deficiency blocks nitric oxide-dependent inhibition of myocardial contractility.
J Clin Invest, (2000), 106 pp. 697-703
[53.]
H.C. Champion, D. Georgakopoulos, E. Takimoto, T. Isoda, Y. Wang, D.A. Kass.
Modulation of in vivo cardiac function by myocyte- specific nitric oxide synthase-3.
[54.]
S. Janssens, P. Pokreisz, L. Schoonjans, M. Pellens, P. Vermeersch, M. Tjwa, et al.
Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of nitric oxide synthase 3 improves left ventricular performance and reduces compensatory hypertrophy after myocardial infarction.
[55.]
P-F. Mery, S.M. Lohmann, U. Walter, R. Fischmeister.
Ca2+ current is regulated by cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase in mammalian cardiac myocytes.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, (1991), 88 pp. 1197-1201
[56.]
X. Han, Y. Shimoni, W.R. Giles.
A cellular mechanism for nitric oxide-mediated cholinergic control of mammalian heart rate.
J Gen Physiol, (1995), 106 pp. 45-65
[57.]
C. Gauthier, D. Langin, J.L. Balligand.
β-Adrenoceptors in the cardiovascular system.
Trends Pharmacol Sci, (2000), 21 pp. 426-431
[58.]
S. Moniotte, L. Kobzik, O. Feron, J.N. Trochu, C. Gauthier, J.L. Balligand.
Upregulation of β3-adrenoceptors and altered contractile response to inotropic amines in human failing myocardium.
Circulation, (2001), 103 pp. 1649-1655
[59.]
W.J. Paulus.
The role of nitric oxide in the failing heart.
Heart Fail Rev, (2001), 6 pp. 105-118
[60.]
D.J. Pinsky, S. Patton, S. Mesaros, V. Brovkovych, E. Kubaszewski, S. Grunfeld, et al.
Mechanical transduction of nitric oxide synthesis in the beating heart.
Circ Res, (1997), 81 pp. 372-379
[61.]
A.J. Kanai, S. Mesaros, M.S. Finkel, C.V. Oddis, L.A. Birder, T. Malinski.
β-Adrenergic regulation of constitutive nitric oxide synthase in cardiac myocytes.
Am J Physiol, (1997), 273 pp. C1371-C1377
[62.]
J.G. Bronzwaer, C. Zeitz, C.A. Visser, W.J. Paulus.
Endomyocardial nitric oxide synthase and the hemodynamic phenotypes of human dilated cardiomyopathy and of athlete's heart.
Cardiovasc Res, (2002), 55 pp. 270-278
[63.]
I.S. Wittstein, D.A. Kass, P.H. Pak, W.L. Maughan, B. Fetics, J.M. Hare.
Cardiac nitric oxide production due to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition decreases beta-adrenergic myocardial contractility in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2001), 38 pp. 429-435
[64.]
F.A. Recchia, P.I. McConnell, R.D. Bernstein, T.R. Vogel, X. Xu, T.H. Hintze.
Reduced nitric oxide production and altered myocardial metabolism during the decompensation of pacing-induced heart failure in the conscious dog.
Circ Res, (1998), 83 pp. 969-979
[65.]
C. Heymes, M. Vanderheyden, J.G. Bronzwaer, A.M. Shah, W.J. Paulus.
Endomyocardial nitric oxide synthase and left ventricular preload reserve in dilated cardiomyopathy.
Circulation, (1999), 99 pp. 3009-3016
[66.]
P. Musialek, M. Lei, H.F. Brown, D.J. Paterson, B. Casadei.
Nitric oxide can increase heart rate by stimulating the hyperpolarization-activated inward current, If.
Circ Res, (1997), 81 pp. 60-68
[67.]
X. Han, L. Kobzik, J.L. Balligand, R.A. Kelly, T.W. Smith.
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS3)-mediated cholinergic modulation of Ca2+ current in adult rabbit atrioventricular nodal cells.
Circ Res, (1996), 78 pp. 998-1008
[68.]
J.K. Choate, E.J. Danson, J.F. Morris, D.J. Paterson.
Peripheral vagal control of heart rate is impaired in neuronal NOS knockout mice.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, (2001), 281 pp. H2310-H2317
[69.]
Y. Takimoto, T. Aoyama, K. Tanaka, R. Keyamura, Y. Yui, S. Sasayama.
Augmented expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the atria parasympathetically decreases heart rate during acute myocardial infarction in rats.
Circulation, (2002), 105 pp. 490-496
[70.]
R.M. Mohan, D.A. Heaton, E.J. Danson, S.P. Krishnan, S. Cai, K.M. Channon, et al.
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene transfer promotes cardiac vagal gain of function.
Circ Res, (2002), 91 pp. 1089-1091
[71.]
L. Fei, A.D. Baron, D.P. Henry, D.P. Zipes.
Intrapericardial delivery of L-arginine reduces the increased severity of ventricular arrhythmias during sympathetic stimulation in dogs with acute coronary occlusion: nitric oxide modulates sympathetic effects on ventricular electrophysiological properties.
Circulation, (1997), 96 pp. 4044-4049
[72.]
I. Kubota, X. Han, D.J. Opel, Y.Y. Zhao, R. Baliga, P. Huang, et al.
Increased susceptibility to development of triggered activity in myocytes from mice with targeted disruption of endothelial nitric oxide synthase.
J Mol Cell Cardiol, (2000), 32 pp. 1239-1248
[73.]
G.U. Ahmmed, Y. Xu, P. Hong Dong, Z. Zhang, J. Eiserich, N. Chiamvimonvat.
Nitric oxide modulates cardiac Na+ channel via protein kinase A and protein kinase G.
Circ Res, (2001), 89 pp. 1005-1013
[74.]
J. Han, N. Kim, H. Joo, E. Kim, Y.E. Earm.
ATP-sensitive K+ channel activation by nitric oxide and protein kinase G in rabbit ventricular myocytes.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, (2002), 283 pp. H1545-H1554
[75.]
N. Abi-Gerges, G. Szabo, A.S. Otero, R. Fischmeister, P.F. Mery.
NO donors potentiate the beta-adrenergic stimulation of ICa,L and the muscarinic activation of IK,ACh in rat cardiac myocytes.
J Physiol, (2002), 540 pp. 411-424
[76.]
M. Taglialatela, A. Pannaccione, S. Iossa, P. Castaldo, L. Annunziato.
Modulation of the K+ channels encoded by the human ethera-gogo-related gene-1(hERG1) by nitric oxide.
Mol Pharmacol, (1999), 56 pp. 1298-1308
[77.]
C.X. Bai, K. Takahashi, H. Masumiya, T. Sawanobori, T. Furukawa.
Nitric oxide-dependent modulation of the delayed rectifier K+ current and the L-type Ca2+ current by ginsenoside Re, an ingredient of Panax ginseng, in guinea-pig cardiomyocytes.
Br J Pharmacol, (2004), 142 pp. 567-575
[78.]
L. Núñez, R. Gómez, M. Vaquero, A. García-Méndez, R. Caballero, A. López-Farré, et al.
Effects of nitric oxide on a human atrial potassium channel (hKv1.5).
Eur Heart J, (2005), 26 pp. 453
[79.]
H. Cai, Z. Li, A. Goette, F. Mera, C. Honeycutt, K. Feterik, et al.
Downregulation of endocardial nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide production in atrial fibrillation.
Circulation, (2002), 106 pp. 2854-2858
[80.]
J.S. Beckman, W.H. Koppenol.
Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly.
Am J Physiol, (1996), 271 pp. C1424-C1437
[81.]
C.A. Carnes, M.K. Chung, T. Nakayama, H. Nakayama, R.S. Baliga, S. Piao, et al.
Ascorbate attenuates atrial pacing-induced peroxynitrite formation and electrical remodeling and decreases the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation.
Circ Res, (2001), 89 pp. E32-E38
[82.]
M.J. Mihm, F. Yu, C.A. Carnes, P.J. Reiser, P.M. McCarthy, D.R. Van Wagoner, et al.
Impaired myofibrillar energetics and oxidative injury during human atrial fibrillation.
Circulation, (2001), 104 pp. 174-180
[83.]
D. Nikitovic, E.A. Zacharis, E.G. Manios, N.E. Malliaraki, E.M. Kanoupakis, K.I. Sfiridaki, et al.
Plasma levels of nitrites/nitrates in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation are increased after electrical restoration of sinus rhythm.
J Interv Card Electrophysiol, (2002), 7 pp. 171-176
[84.]
N. Takahashi, Y. Ishibashi, T. Shimada, T. Sakane, S. Ohata, T. Sugamori, et al.
Impaired exercise-induced vasodilatation in chronic atrial fibrillation-role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide.
Circ J, (2002), 66 pp. 583-588
[85.]
A. Rakhit, C.T. Maguire, H. Wakimoto, J. Gehrmann, G.K. Li, R.A. Kelly, et al.
In vivo electrophysiologic studies in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-deficient mice.
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, (2001), 12 pp. 1295-1301
[86.]
H.T. Chung, H.O. Pae, B.M. Choi, T.R. Billiar, Y.M. Kim.
Nitric oxide as a bioregulator of apoptosis.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun, (2001), 282 pp. 1075-1079
[87.]
M.A. Arstall, D.B. Sawyer, R. Fukazawa, R.A. Kelly.
Cytokine-mediated apoptosis in cardiac myocytes: the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase induction and peroxynitrite generation.
Circ Res, (1999), 85 pp. 829-840
[88.]
S. Moncada, J.D. Erusalimsky.
Does nitric oxide modulate mitochondrial energy generation and apoptosis?.
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, (2002), 3 pp. 214-220
[89.]
A. Jekabsone, L. Ivanoviene, G.C. Brown, V. Borutaite.
Nitric oxide and calcium together inactivate mitochondrial complex I and induce cytochrome c release.
J Mol Cell Cardiol, (2003), 35 pp. 803-809
[90.]
C.S. Baker, S. Kumar, O.E. Rimoldi.
Effects of brief ischemia and reperfusion on the myocardium and the role of nitric oxide.
Heart Fail Rev, (2003), 8 pp. 127-141
[91.]
F. Kolar, B. Ostadal.
Molecular mechanisms of cardiac protection by adaptation to chronic hypoxia.
Physiol Res, (2004), 53 pp. S3-13
[92.]
K. Nakanishi, J. Vinten-Johansen, D.J. Lefer, Z. Zhao, W.C Fowler III, S. McGee, et al.
Intracoronary L-arginine during reperfusion improves endothelial function and reduces infarct size.
Am J Physiol, (1992), 263 pp. H1650-H1658
[93.]
N. Sasaki, T. Sato, A. Ohler, B. O’Rourke, E. Marban.
Activation of mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channels by nitric oxide.
Circulation, (2000), 101 pp. 439-445
[94.]
Y. Wang, Y. Guo, S.X. Zhang, W.J. Wu, J. Wang, W. Bao, et al.
Ischemic preconditioning upregulates inducible nitric oxide synthase in cardiac myocyte.
J Mol Cell Cardiol, (2002), 34 pp. 5-15
[95.]
Y.T. Xuan, X.L. Tang, Y. Qiu, S. Banerjee, H. Takano, H. Han, et al.
Biphasic response of cardiac NO synthase isoforms to ischemic preconditioning in conscious rabbits.
Am J Physiol, (2000), 279 pp. H2360-H2371
[96.]
Y. Takimoto, T. Aoyama, R. Keyamura, E. Shinoda, R. Hattori, Y. Yui, et al.
Differential expression of three types of nitric oxide synthase in both infarcted and non-infarcted left ventricles after myocardial infarction in the rat.
Int J Cardiol, (2001), 79 pp. 307-309
[97.]
S.P. Jones, J.J. Greer, R. Van Haperen, D.J. Duncker, R. De Crom, D.J. Lefer.
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase overexpression attenuates congestive heart failure in mice.
Proc Natl Acad Sci SA, (2003), 100 pp. 4891-4896
[98.]
S.P. Jones, J.J. Greer, A.K. Kakkar, P.D. Ware, R.H. Turnage, M. Hicks, et al.
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase overexpression attenuates myocardial reperfusion injury.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, (2004), 286 pp. H276-H282
[99.]
J.P. Casas, L.E. Bautista, S.E. Humphries, A.D. Hingorani.
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase genotype and ischemic heart disease: meta-analysis of 26 studies involving 23028 subjects.
Circulation, (2004), 109 pp. 1359-1365
[100.]
C. Fatini, F. Sofi, E. Sticchi, F. Gensini, A.M. Gori, S. Fedi, et al.
Influence of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms (G894T, 4a4b, T-786C) and hyperhomocysteinemia on the predisposition to acute coronary syndromes.
Am Heart J, (2004), 147 pp. 516-521
[101.]
D. Petrovic, B. Peterlin.
Genetic markers of restenosis after coronary angioplasty and after stent implantation.
Med Sci Monit, (2005), 11 pp. 127-135
[102.]
K.W. Park, K.H. You, S. Oh, I.H. Chae, H.S. Kim, B.H. Oh, et al.
Association of endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism with acute coronary syndrome in Koreans.
Heart, (2004), 90 pp. 282-285
[103.]
B.R. Sharp, S.P. Jones, D.M. Rimmer, D.J. Lefer.
Differential response to myocardial reperfusion injury in eNOS- deficient mice.
Am J Physiol, (2002), 282 pp. H2422-H2426
[104.]
M.S. Sumeray, D.D. Rees, D.M. Yellon.
Infarct size and nitric oxide synthase in murine myocardium.
J Mol Cell Cardiol, (2000), 32 pp. 35-42
[105.]
S. Kanno, P.C. Lee, Y. Zhang, C. Ho, B.P. Griffith, L.L. Shears, et al.
Attenuation of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by superinduction of inducible nitric oxide synthase.
Circulation, (2000), 101 pp. 2742-2748
[106.]
M. Scherrer-Crosbie, R. Ullrich, K.D. Bloch, H. Nakajima, B. Nasseri, H.T. Aretz, et al.
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase limits left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in mice.
Circulation, (2001), 104 pp. 1286-1291
[107.]
Y.H. Liu, J. Xu, J.P. Yang, F. Yang, E. Shesely, O.A. Carretero.
Effect of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists on endothelial NO synthase knockout mice with heart failure.
Hypertension, (2002), 39 pp. 375-381
[108.]
T. Damy, P. Ratajczak, E. Robidel, J.K. Bendall, P. Oliviero, J. Boczkowski, et al.
Up-regulation of cardiac nitric oxide synthase 1-derived nitric oxide after myocardial infarction in senescent rats.
FASEB J, (2003), 17 pp. 1934-1936
[109.]
S.D. Prabhu, B. Chandrasekar, D.R. Murray, G.L. Freeman.
β-Adrenergic blockade in developing heart failure: effects on myocardial inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and remodelling.
Circulation, (2000), 101 pp. 2103-2109
[110.]
T. Saito, F. Hu, L. Tayara, L. Fahas, H. Shennib, A. Giaid.
Inhibition of NOS II prevents cardiac dysfunction in myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, (2002), 283 pp. H339-H345
[111.]
F. Sam, D.B. Sawyer, Z. Xie, D.L. Chang, S. Ngoy, D.A. Brenner, et al.
Mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase have improved left ventricular contractile function and reduced apoptotic cell death late after myocardial infarction.
Circ Res, (2001), 89 pp. 351-356
[112.]
H. Drexler.
Nitric oxide synthases in the failing human heart: a doubled-edged sword?.
Circulation, (1999), 99 pp. 2972-2975
[113.]
J.M. Hare, J.S. Stamler.
NO/redox disequilibrium in the failing heart and cardiovascular system.
J Clin Invest, (2005), 115 pp. 509-517
[114.]
T. Damy, P. Ratajczak, A.M. Shah, E. Camors, I. Marty, G. Hasenfuss, et al.
Increased neuronal nitric oxide synthase-derived NO production in the failing human heart.
Lancet, (2004), 363 pp. 1365-1367
[115.]
M.T. Ziolo, L.S. Maier, V Piacentino 3rd, J. Bossuyt, S.R. Houser, D.M. Bers.
Myocyte nitric oxide synthase 2 contributes to blunted beta-adrenergic response in failing human hearts by decreasing Ca2+ transients.
Circulation, (2004), 109 pp. 1886-1891
[116.]
T. Shinke, H. Takaoka, M. Takeuchi, K. Hata, H. Kawai, H. Okubo, et al.
Nitric oxide spares myocardial oxygen consumption through attenuation of contractile response to β-adrenergic stimulation in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Circulation, (2000), 101 pp. 1925-1930
[117.]
D. Ungureanu-Longrois, J.L. Balligand, W.W. Simmons, I. Okada, L. Kobzik, C.J. Lowenstein, et al.
Induction of nitric oxide synthase activity by cytokines in ventricular myocytes is necessary but not sufficient to decrease contractile responsiveness to β-adrenergic agonists.
Circ Res, (1995), 77 pp. 494-502
[118.]
Y. Chen, J.H. Traverse, R. Du, M. Hou, R.J. Bache.
Nitric oxide modulates myocardial oxygen consumption in the failing heart.
Circulation, (2002), 106 pp. 273-279
[119.]
M.K. Jones, K. Tsugawa, A.S. Tarnawski, D. Baatar.
Dual actions of nitric oxide on angiogenesis: possible roles of PKC, ERK, and AP-1.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun, (2004), 318 pp. 520-528
[120.]
M.T. Ziolo, H. Katoh, D.M. Bers.
Positive and negative effects of nitric oxide on Ca2+ sparks: influence of β-adrenergic stimulation.
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, (2001), 281 pp. H2295-H2303
[121.]
I.N. Mungrue, R. Gros, X. You, A. Pirani, A. Azad, T. Csont, et al.
Cardiomyocyte overexpression of iNOS in mice results in peroxynitrite generation, heart block, and sudden death.
J Clin Invest, (2002), 109 pp. 735-743
[122.]
A. Godecke, A. Molojavyi, J. Heger, U. Flogel, Z. Ding, C. Jacoby, et al.
Myoglobin protects the heart from inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS)-mediated nitrosative stress.
J Biol Chem, (2003), 278 pp. 21761-21766
[123.]
U. Landmesser, F. Bahlmann, M. Mueller, S. Spiekermann, N. Kirchhoff, S. Schulz, et al.
Vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure-role of xanthine- oxidase and extracellular superoxide dismutase.
Circulation, (2002), 106 pp. 3073-3078
[124.]
W.F. Saavedra, N. Paolocci, M.E. St John, M.W. Skaf, G.C. Stewart, J.S. Xie, et al.
2002. Imbalance between xanthine oxidase and nitric oxide synthase signaling pathways underlies mechanoenergetic uncoupling in the failing heart.
Circ Res, (2002), 90 pp. 297-304
[125.]
T. Cappola, D.A. Kass, G. Nelson, R.D. Berger, G.O. Rosas, Z. Kobeissi, et al.
Allopurinol improves myocardial efficiency in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Circulation, (2001), 104 pp. 2407-2411
[126.]
W. Doehner, N. Schoene, M. Rauchhaus, F. Leyva-Leon, D.V. Pavitt, D.A. Reaveley, et al.
Effects of xanthine oxidase inhibition with allopurinol on endothelial function and peripheral blood flow in hyperuricemic patients with chronic heart failure: results from 2 placebo-controlled studies.
Circulation, (2002), 105 pp. 2619-2624
[127.]
J. Haendeler, J. Hoffmann, A.M. Zeiher, S. Dimmeler.
Antioxidant effects of statins via S-nitrosylation and activation of thioredoxin in endothelial cells: a novel vasculoprotective function of statins.
Circulation, (2004), 110 pp. 856-861
[128.]
I.S. Wittstein, D.A. Kass, P.H. Pak, W.L. Maughan, B. Fetics, J.M. Hare.
Cardiac nitric oxide production due to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition decreases beta-adrenergic myocardial contractility in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.
J Am Coll Cardiol, (2001), 38 pp. 429-435
[129.]
T. Zaobornyj, L.B. Valdez, P. La Padula, L.E. Costa, A. Boveris.
Effect of sustained hypobaric hypoxia during maturation and aging on rat myocardium. II. mtNOS activity.
J Appl Physiol, (2005), 98 pp. 2370-2375
[130.]
E. Nisoli, S. Falcone, C. Tonello, V. Cozzi, L. Palomba, M. Fiorani, et al.
Mitochondrial biogenesis by NO yields functionally active mitochondria in mammals.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, (2004), 101 pp. 16507-16512
[131.]
J.N. Trochu, J.B. Bouhour, G. Kaley, T.H. Hintze.
Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the regulation of cardiac oxygen metabolism: implications in health and disease.
Circ Res, (2000), 87 pp. 1108-1117
[132.]
N. Suto, A. Mikuniya, T. Okubo, H. Hanada, N. Shinozaki, K. Okumura.
Nitric oxide modulates cardiac contractility and oxygen consumption without changing contractile efficiency.
Am J Physiol, (1998), 275 pp. H41-H49
Copyright © 2006. Sociedad Española de Cardiología
¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?